Data Protection Monitor
Global Privacy & Data Protection Intelligence

Morocco Data Protection & Privacy Regulation

MA schema gdpri-v2 trajectory: not yet assessed regulated (omnibus) overlaps: artificial-intelligence

Last updated · 10 categories · 63 claims · 31 sources in the cumulative register

Reports indicate that Morocco's data protection authority, the CNDP, intensified its enforcement of Law 09-08 during 2025, though the extent of that intensification rests on a single secondary source.

Data collected Data published

AI-assembled from cited sources

Not covered: AdTech & Commercial Privacy. Not fully checked this cycle: Regulator & Framework, Cross-Border & Adequacy (3 open gaps).

Evidence re-verified: ·Position last changed: ·
Record history & provenance ▾

Methodology & record provenance: Module confidence is derived from the underlying claims (source tier and primary excerpt retention), while statutory legal force is tracked independently.

Review status: AI-synthesised · Tier-1/2 verified · As-of date: 2026-10-26

Framework postureRegulated (omnibus)10 of 10 modules populated · AI-synthesised · Tier-1/2 verified
Lead supervisory authorityCommission Nationale de contrôle de la protection des Données à caractère Personnel (Primary statutory & supervisory perimeter
Next milestone (> 2026-10-26)None scheduledNo dated future statutory milestone on record
Module coverage & confidence10 / 10 modules assessed0 Confirmed · 10 Probable · 0 Uncertain

Jurisdiction brief

Latest update · 25 October 2026

Lead Signal

Morocco's data protection authority, the Commission Nationale de controle de la protection des Donnees a caractere Personnel, signed a partnership with NIIAT on 21 October 2026 launching a six-month youth data-protection-awareness pilot, Data-Tika, covering the Casablanca-Settat region. The agreement is a cooperation arrangement for public outreach and training rather than a regulatory instrument, and it does not amend any provision of Morocco's data protection law. No binding change to the regulatory framework accompanies it.

Key regulatory facts for Morocco
Regulatory DimensionMorocco Standing Position
JurisdictionMorocco (MA)
Regulatory ScopeData Protection & Privacy Regulation (10 modules, 63 sourced findings)
Regulator & FrameworkComprehensive omnibus law and operational regulator exist, but gap-analysis-identified limits on CNDP powers and unconfirmed territorial scope pull the rating down from green.
Lawful Processing & Special DataCore principles exist but consent standards and special-category coverage materially diverge from GDPR-equivalent baselines.
Data Subject RightsCore rights (access, rectification, objection) exist; erasure and portability are absent, and statutory deadlines are unconfirmed.
Controller/Processor DutiesSome accountability practice (DPIA guidance, breach-handling reminders) exists but core GDPR-equivalent duties (DPO, ROPA, retention) are unconfirmed or absent.
Primary Instruments CitedDataGuidance, IAPP, DataGuidance, IAPP, Chambers and Partners
Last Confirmed / Updated2026-11-04 (31 sources in cumulative register)

#

Comprehensive omnibus law and operational regulator exist, but gap-analysis-identified limits on CNDP powers and unconfirmed territorial scope pull the rating down from green.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009 on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data, and Implementing Decree No. 2-09-165 of 21 May 2009
Traffic-light rationale — AmberComprehensive omnibus law and operational regulator exist, but gap-analysis-identified limits on CNDP powers and unconfirmed territorial scope pull the rating down from green.

Sub-modules (5)

Regulator And AuthorityGreen

CNDP is the designated national supervisory authority under Law 09-08.

Claims (3):

  • The Commission Nationale de contrôle de la protection des Données à caractère Personnel (CNDP) is Morocco's national data protection supervisory authority responsible for overseeing compliance with Law No. 09-08.
  • The CNDP is the only personal data protection regulator in Morocco, with jurisdiction over all data controllers and processors subject to Law 09-08.
  • CNDP and NIIAT signed a Data-Tika partnership on 21 October 2026 for a six-month youth data-protection-awareness pilot in Casablanca-Settat; non-binding cooperation agreement, not a regulatory instrument.

Act And InstrumentsAmber

Primary instrument is Law 09-08 plus its 2009 implementing decree; CNDP has periodically announced reform/modernisation plans.

Claims (3):

  • Personal data protection in Morocco is governed by Law n° 09-08 of 18 February 2009 relating to the protection of individuals with respect to the processing of personal data, and its Implementation Decree n° 2-09-165 of 21 May 2009.
  • In March 2020, CNDP announced measures including plans to revise national data protection laws and promote privacy-by-design, alongside internal reorganisation to speed up processing of notifications.
  • A secondary source reports an amending instrument 'Law 07-26' raising Morocco's data-breach penalty ceiling to 600,000 MAD, unconfirmed against a primary text.

Material ScopeGreen

Gap analysis found material scope broadly convergent with GDPR definitions and principles.

Claims (1):

  • A Morocco-EU gap-analysis study found convergence between Law 09-08 and the GDPR on definitions, material scope of the law, and the principles of data processing.

Territorial ScopeAmber

No sourced evidence located on extraterritorial application to non-established controllers; searched 'Law 09-08 territorial scope non-established controllers' without a confirmed dedicated provision.

Claims (4):

  • Law 09-08 — Applies to a foreign-established data controller using automated or non-automated means to process personal data in Moroccan territory, except transit-only processing or processing destined for a country with equivalent DP legislation.

Regulator Registration And FilingAmber

CNDP opened a national data-protection register/filing platform for controllers.

Claims (2):

  • CNDP opened a national data protection register for controller filings/notifications.
  • All personal-data processing must be declared in advance to the CNDP unless exempt, dispensed from declaration, or subject to prior authorization.
Category narrative 69 words

Morocco's data protection regime rests on Law n° 09-08 of 18 February 2009 and its Implementing Decree n° 2-09-165 of 21 May 2009, supervised by the CNDP. A 2018 Morocco-EU gap-analysis study found convergence with the GDPR on definitions, material scope and processing principles, but flagged limits on CNDP's powers. No sourced evidence was found on express extraterritorial/non-established-controller scope; searched 'CNDP territorial scope non-established controllers' yielded no dedicated provision.

Periodic update · new data 2026-10-25

Regulator & Framework

The Commission Nationale de controle de la protection des Donnees a caractere Personnel, Morocco's data protection authority, signed a cooperation agreement with NIIAT on 21 October 2026 establishing Data-Tika, a six-month youth data-protection-awareness pilot covering the Casablanca-Settat region. The commission has confirmed this agreement is a cooperation and outreach instrument aimed at training and public awareness, not a regulatory or legislative instrument, and it carries no amendment to Law n09-08 or to any implementing text. Its significance lies in signalling the commission's continued investment in public-facing capacity-building activity, a function distinct from its core regulatory and enforcement mandate, rather than in any change to the substantive rules governing data processing in Morocco.

The partnership's geographic and temporal scope is narrow: a single region, Casablanca-Settat, and a defined six-month pilot period, with youth as the target population. This positions Data-Tika as an experimental outreach exercise whose longer-term significance will depend on factors not yet determined, including whether it is renewed, extended to other regions, or scaled nationally, and whether it produces any policy recommendation feeding back into the commission's regulatory or guidance work. None of that is yet established, and the agreement should be read strictly as what it is: a non-binding cooperation arrangement for public education, running alongside, but not altering, Morocco's existing data protection framework.

Separately, and outside the scope of this partnership, secondary commentary dated 6 October 2026 describes a broader shift in the commission's posture, from an advisory orientation toward more active compliance control and audit activity, with penalties under Law n09-08 described as reaching up to three hundred thousand Moroccan dirhams. This description originates from commentary rather than from a primary publication of the commission itself within the period reviewed, and has not been corroborated against any such primary source in the material available. It is noted here as a signal worth monitoring, since a genuine shift toward more active audit and control activity by the commission would be a materially significant development for the regulatory framework as a whole, but it is not treated as an established fact of the framework at this stage pending corroboration from the commission's own publications.

Taken together, the confirmed development this period, the Data-Tika partnership, is modest in its direct regulatory effect, while the unconfirmed development, the reported posture shift toward active enforcement, would be considerably more consequential if corroborated. Readers should distinguish clearly between the two: one is a confirmed but narrow outreach initiative, the other is an uncorroborated but potentially significant claim about the commission's operational direction.

Outlook

The Data-Tika pilot's practical significance will become clearer toward the end of its six-month run, when its reach, outcomes, and any decision on renewal or expansion should become apparent. Of greater structural importance is whether the reported shift toward active compliance control and audit activity is confirmed by a primary publication from the commission; until such confirmation surfaces, this remains a watch item rather than an established feature of Morocco's regulatory framework. No amendment to Law n09-08 itself, or to its implementing texts, has been identified in the period reviewed.

1 further periodic run re-emitted the standing brief unchanged and is not shown.

Sources and claims (10)
  1. Confirmed DataGuidance — The Commission Nationale de contrôle de la protection des Données à caractère Personnel (CNDP) is Morocco's national data protection supervisory authority responsible for overseeing compliance with Law No. 09-08. observed
  2. Confirmed IAPP — Personal data protection in Morocco is governed by Law n° 09-08 of 18 February 2009 relating to the protection of individuals with respect to the processing of personal data, and its Implementation Decree n° 2-09-165 of 21 May 2009. observed
  3. Confirmed DataGuidance — In March 2020, CNDP announced measures including plans to revise national data protection laws and promote privacy-by-design, alongside internal reorganisation to speed up processing of notifications. observed
  4. Probable IAPP — A Morocco-EU gap-analysis study found convergence between Law 09-08 and the GDPR on definitions, material scope of the law, and the principles of data processing. observed
  5. Probable IAPP — CNDP opened a national data protection register for controller filings/notifications. observed
  6. High Chambers and Partners — The CNDP is the only personal data protection regulator in Morocco, with jurisdiction over all data controllers and processors subject to Law 09-08. observed
  7. High Chambers and Partners — Law 09-08 — Applies to a foreign-established data controller using automated or non-automated means to process personal data in Moroccan territory, except transit-only processing or processing destined for a country with equivalent DP legislation. observed
  8. High African Legal Factory — All personal-data processing must be declared in advance to the CNDP unless exempt, dispensed from declaration, or subject to prior authorization. observed
  9. Uncertain CMS Law — A secondary source reports an amending instrument 'Law 07-26' raising Morocco's data-breach penalty ceiling to 600,000 MAD, unconfirmed against a primary text. observed
  10. Probable Aujourd'hui Le Maroc — CNDP and NIIAT signed a Data-Tika partnership on 21 October 2026 for a six-month youth data-protection-awareness pilot in Casablanca-Settat; non-binding cooperation agreement, not a regulatory instrument. observed

#

Core principles exist but consent standards and special-category coverage materially diverge from GDPR-equivalent baselines.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — AmberCore principles exist but consent standards and special-category coverage materially diverge from GDPR-equivalent baselines.
D2 · Lawful Processing — Full Module Record4 sub-modules · 50 words · 7 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

Core rights (access, rectification, objection) exist; erasure and portability are absent, and statutory deadlines are unconfirmed.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — AmberCore rights (access, rectification, objection) exist; erasure and portability are absent, and statutory deadlines are unconfirmed.

Sub-modules (5)

Access RightAmber

Inferred as convergent with GDPR baseline since the gap analysis did not flag access rights as a divergence.

Claims (2):

  • Because the Morocco-EU gap analysis identified only the absence of a right to be forgotten and a right to data portability as divergences in data subject rights, rights of access, rectification and objection under Law 09-08 are inferred to be broadly convergent with the GDPR baseline.
  • Law 09-08 — Rights of access, rectification, completion, update, blocking/erasure, and objection on legitimate grounds, including a free right to object to processing for commercial-prospecting purposes.

Rectification And ErasureAmber

Rectification inferred as convergent; erasure/right-to-be-forgotten confirmed absent.

Claims (2):

  • Because the Morocco-EU gap analysis identified only the absence of a right to be forgotten and a right to data portability as divergences in data subject rights, rights of access, rectification and objection under Law 09-08 are inferred to be broadly convergent with the GDPR baseline.
  • Law 09-08 does not include a right to be forgotten/erasure right equivalent to GDPR Article 17.

Restriction And ObjectionAmber

Objection right inferred as convergent since not flagged as a divergence area.

Claims (1):

  • Because the Morocco-EU gap analysis identified only the absence of a right to be forgotten and a right to data portability as divergences in data subject rights, rights of access, rectification and objection under Law 09-08 are inferred to be broadly convergent with the GDPR baseline.

Data PortabilityRed

Data portability confirmed absent under Law 09-08.

Claims (2):

  • Law 09-08 does not provide data subjects a right to data portability, a gap identified relative to the GDPR.
  • Draft GDPR-alignment amendments — Would introduce data portability among other GDPR-aligned enhancements to Law 09-08, but as of 2026 no formal amending legislation has been enacted.

Deadlines And Response WindowsRed

No sourced statutory response-window data found; searched 'CNDP data subject request deadline days' without result.

Category narrative 71 words

Because the Morocco-EU gap analysis singled out only the absence of a right to be forgotten and a right to data portability as divergences in data subject rights, this indicates that access, rectification and objection rights under Law 09-08 are broadly convergent with the GDPR baseline; erasure and portability are confirmed gaps. No sourced information was found on statutory response-window deadlines; searched 'Law 09-08 CNDP subject access request deadline' without result.

No new data since the standing brief. 1 periodic run re-emitted it unchanged.

Sources and claims (5)
  1. Probable IAPP — Because the Morocco-EU gap analysis identified only the absence of a right to be forgotten and a right to data portability as divergences in data subject rights, rights of access, rectification and objection under Law 09-08 are inferred to be broadly convergent with the GDPR baseline. observed
  2. Confirmed IAPP — Law 09-08 does not provide data subjects a right to data portability, a gap identified relative to the GDPR. observed
  3. Confirmed IAPP — Law 09-08 does not include a right to be forgotten/erasure right equivalent to GDPR Article 17. observed
  4. High CMS Law — Draft GDPR-alignment amendments — Would introduce data portability among other GDPR-aligned enhancements to Law 09-08, but as of 2026 no formal amending legislation has been enacted. observed
  5. Confirmed 9anon AI — Law 09-08 — Rights of access, rectification, completion, update, blocking/erasure, and objection on legitimate grounds, including a free right to object to processing for commercial-prospecting purposes. observed

#

Some accountability practice (DPIA guidance, breach-handling reminders) exists but core GDPR-equivalent duties (DPO, ROPA, retention) are unconfirmed or absent.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — AmberSome accountability practice (DPIA guidance, breach-handling reminders) exists but core GDPR-equivalent duties (DPO, ROPA, retention) are unconfirmed or absent.
D4 · Controller & Processor — Full Module Record7 sub-modules · 75 words · 9 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

A transfer mechanism and authorisation process exist, but EU adequacy remains unresolved and SCC/BCR/localisation instruments are unconfirmed.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — AmberA transfer mechanism and authorisation process exist, but EU adequacy remains unresolved and SCC/BCR/localisation instruments are unconfirmed.
D5 · Cross-Border & Adequacy — Full Module Record6 sub-modules · 79 words · 8 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

Only one sub-module (health, via genomic-data recommendations) has sourced evidence; the remaining six sub-modules carry no confirmed sectoral overlay.

Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — RedOnly one sub-module (health, via genomic-data recommendations) has sourced evidence; the remaining six sub-modules carry no confirmed sectoral overlay.
D6 · Sectoral Watch — Full Module Record7 sub-modules · 62 words · 2 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

No comprehensive or sector-specific adtech/commercial-privacy regime was identified for this JID beyond the general data protection law.

Traffic-light rationale — RedNo comprehensive or sector-specific adtech/commercial-privacy regime was identified for this JID beyond the general data protection law.
D7 · AdTech & Marketing — Full Module Record6 sub-modules · 58 words · 2 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

Biometric data is confirmed excluded from special-category protection and most sub-modules (profiling, ADM transparency, AI risk assessment, surveillance carve-outs) carry no sourced findings.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — RedBiometric data is confirmed excluded from special-category protection and most sub-modules (profiling, ADM transparency, AI risk assessment, surveillance carve-outs) carry no sourced findings.
Periodic update · new data 2026-10-11

Algorithmic, Biometric & Surveillance Governance

Morocco has no binding AI-specific data-protection regulation in force. Reports suggest the CNDP may be preparing a decision addressing AI and personal data, though no decision text or expected date has been confirmed beyond a general sense that it remains at an early, unconfirmed stage. The clearest concrete step in this area to date is narrower and time-bound: the CNDP's 31 August 2026 guidance ahead of the 23 September 2026 legislative elections is understood to require clear flagging of AI-generated electoral content, with that requirement anchored in the Penal Code and Organic Law 53-25 rather than in a freestanding AI-governance instrument. This gives Morocco, for the election period at least, a disclosure obligation specific to AI-generated content, layered onto criminal-law provisions rather than built into Law 09-08 itself.

Outlook

The election-period AI-content-flagging duty is the first concrete marker in this area, but it is scoped to the electoral context; whether the CNDP's reportedly pending AI and personal-data decision generalises a comparable disclosure logic beyond elections remains unconfirmed.

D8 · AI, Biometrics & Automated — Full Module Record6 sub-modules · 72 words · 5 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

Only an awareness/education initiative is sourced; no statutory age-verification, parental-consent, minor-profiling-ban, or dependent-adult provisions were confirmed.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — RedOnly an awareness/education initiative is sourced; no statutory age-verification, parental-consent, minor-profiling-ban, or dependent-adult provisions were confirmed.
D9 · Children's Privacy — Full Module Record5 sub-modules · 62 words · 2 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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#

Institutional enforcement cooperation and international engagement exist, but CNDP's statutory powers are reportedly limited and collective-redress/private-right-of-action mechanisms are unconfirmed.

Primary frameworkLaw No. 09-08 of 18 February 2009
Supervisory authorityCNDP
Traffic-light rationale — AmberInstitutional enforcement cooperation and international engagement exist, but CNDP's statutory powers are reportedly limited and collective-redress/private-right-of-action mechanisms are unconfirmed.
Periodic update · new data 2026-10-11

Enforcement & Redress

The CNDP is understood to have published guidance on 31 August 2026 setting ten data-handling obligations for political parties ahead of the 23 September 2026 legislative elections. The guidance is reported to carry criminal penalties for non-compliance, running from six months' to two years' imprisonment and fines of MAD 50,000 to 300,000, which puts it on a materially harder enforcement footing than the administrative posture typically associated with Law 09-08. The same guidance requires clear flagging of AI-generated electoral content, drawing on the Penal Code and Organic Law 53-25 for that requirement. Separately, legal commentary is understood to describe the CNDP issuing warnings to major data controllers and opening investigations into high-volume processors in the months preceding this review, though no named controller, investigation outcome, or published sanction has been confirmed. Read together, these two threads point to a CNDP exercising its supervisory role more visibly than its historically declarative posture under Law 09-08 would suggest, albeit still without a confirmed public enforcement decision to anchor that shift.

Outlook

The criminal-penalty structure attached to the election-period guidance is a sharper enforcement tool than anything previously associated with Law 09-08, and whether the CNDP uses it, or converts its reported warnings and investigations into named decisions, will be the test of whether this is a durable shift in enforcement posture rather than an election-specific measure.

Periodic update · new data 2026-09-28

Enforcement & Redress

Morocco's data-protection enforcement posture is reported to be tightening this cycle. Per Chambers and Partners' practice-guide commentary, over the last several months the CNDP has started issuing warnings to major data controllers and has initiated investigations into potential violations by controllers processing significant volumes of personal data. This is understood to represent a shift from what has historically been a largely dormant sanctioning environment under Law 09-08 toward a more active enforcement posture, though the underlying statute itself has not been amended and the shift is one of enforcement practice rather than legal change.

The statutory sanctions ceiling behind this activity has not changed: non-compliance with Law 09-08 remains subject to a fine ranging from MAD 10,000 to MAD 600,000 and, or imprisonment of between three months and four years. The same source reports that the CNDP typically sends a warning before pursuing such sanctions, which is consistent with the warnings-first pattern described for the current wave of major-controller investigations; whether any of the current investigations will progress to a formal fine or referral is not yet established in the evidence available this cycle.

Running alongside this enforcement tightening, discussion continues over GDPR-alignment reforms to Law 09-08, which would introduce a statutory breach-notification deadline, formal data protection impact assessments, enhanced subject rights and an accountability-based compliance model closer to the EU framework. As of this cycle, no formal amending legislation has been enacted, and the existing statute's structural gaps, most notably the absence of any fixed breach-notification deadline, persist. Industry practice recommends notifying the CNDP within less than 72 hours of a breach and informing affected individuals where risk is high, but this is a non-binding recommendation rather than a statutory requirement, and controllers should not treat it as equivalent to a legal deadline.

The combination of an intensifying enforcement posture and an unreformed, GDPR-gap-carrying statute is the defining tension in Morocco's data-protection environment this cycle: enforcement risk is rising in practice even though the legal framework generating the exposure has not itself been modernised to match.

Outlook

The principal item to watch is whether the CNDP's current wave of warnings against major and high-volume data controllers converts into formal sanctions, which would be the first visible test of the statutory fine and imprisonment ceiling under this more active enforcement posture. A secondary item is whether the discussed GDPR-alignment reforms, covering breach notification, DPIAs and accountability obligations, progress from discussion to a formal legislative proposal; no confirmed timeline exists for either development in the evidence available this cycle.

D10 · Enforcement & Redress — Full Module Record6 sub-modules · 104 words · 13 traced claims · Re-verified 2026-11-04

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No categories match.

Filters combine as OR inside a group and AND across groups.

Provenance and declared absence

Disclosure model: category cards load OPEN; narratives render in full; standing narratives load as a clamped teaser with an explicit “read full” control carrying the true word count. No text is hidden without disclosing how much of it there is.

Sub-modules are DP-specific nested subsections with their own real per-sub-module traffic light, rendered under each category across all regulatory modules.

Traffic-light dots are REAL data (baseline.<category>.traffic_light), not renderer-invented taxonomy, and are never suppressed -- unlike WPM, where a RAG dot would be forbidden as invented severity.

Family/accent taxonomy is renderer-level presentation config, not a JID field; it decorates the RAG dot, it does not replace it. Colour is always duplicated in text and is never the sole carrier of meaning.

Suppressed by doctrine: derived risk score. Not shown on this page.

Band honesty: uncertainty bands are computed against a frozen build clock of 2026-11-04. A year-precision row is never promoted into a tighter band.

Envelope: baseline resolved at jurisdiction_json.baseline; 10 categories, 57 sub-module(s), 63 claim(s) (63 category placement(s)), 31 source(s) in the cumulative register.

Audit trail

Machine checkChallenged on 25 Oct 2026: upheld (27 confirmed against the cited source; 6 could not be checked). An automated, adversarial test run by a second model; no person has assessed the result.

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GDPR article map

Cross-reference: which category/sub-module covers each UK GDPR article (15 mapped).

Show article map
GDPR article to category mapping
ArticleCategorySub-module
Art. 5Controller/Processor Dutiesaccountability and dpia
Art. 6Lawful Processing & Special Datalawful bases
Art. 7Lawful Processing & Special Dataconsent thresholds
Art. 9Lawful Processing & Special Dataspecial categories
Art. 22Algorithmic, Biometric & Surveillance Governanceautomated decision making transparency
Art. 25Controller/Processor Dutiesaccountability and dpia
Art. 28Controller/Processor Dutiesjoint controller arrangements
Art. 30Controller/Processor Dutiesropa requirements
Art. 32Controller/Processor Dutiessecurity measures
Art. 35Controller/Processor Dutiesaccountability and dpia
Art. 13-22Data Subject Rightsaccess right
Art. 33-34Controller/Processor Dutiesbreach notification
Art. 37-39Controller/Processor Dutiesdpo requirements
Art. 44-49Cross-Border & Adequacytransfer mechanisms
Art. 77-84Enforcement & Redressregulator powers and penalties